Go

Cone’s module system has been on my mind of late. The best design for modules is neither easy or obvious, as evidenced by how much modules vary from one language to the next. To guide my approach for Cone, I went back to basics: What is the role (and benefit) that modularity plays in programming (languages)? What role do modules play within this larger picture. This post synthesizes my findings.

Many programming languages require that statements end with a semicolon. Some languages, such as Javascript, Go, Kotlin, Swift, Scala and Lua, make this requirement optional. Although a semicolon may be specified, it is not required to terminate a statement. This post explores the underlying rules various languages use to make semicolon inference possible. It also articulates the arguments for and against a language offering support for it.1 The Challenge The semicolon inference rules would be simple if every statement fit on a single line.

After removing the interface, inversion of control, and protected access capabilities from traditional inheritance, what do we have left (besides composition)? This is what we have: placing a few extra tokens on a derived class causes all named fields and methods of one or more base classes to be absorbed as if explicitly incorporated. Further, certain inherited methods can be customized (overridden) with their own implementation. The primary selling point for inheritance has always been this sort of code reuse.

Having spoken about the compiler’s IR tree in general terms, let’s focus in on an important detail: how to represent a node that could be any arbitary type. Cone’s IR makes use of dozens of different types of nodes, each defined using a different struct. However, sometimes the compiler needs to point to a node without restricting which type of node it must be. For example, consider an assignment node.